Can a Baby in the Womb Get Pregnant Farce

This article is virtually pregnancy in male person organisms. For the sympathetic condition, see Couvade syndrome.

Pregnancy in males

Male pregnancy is the incubation of one or more embryos or fetuses past male members of some species. Most species that reproduce by sexual reproduction are heterogamous—females producing larger gametes (ova) and males producing smaller gametes (sperm). In nearly all animal species, offspring are carried by the female person until nascence, but in fish of the family Syngnathidae (pipefish, seahorses and the leafy seadragon), males perform that function.^[ane]

Not-homo animals [edit]

The fish family Syngnathidae has the unique characteristic of a highly derived form of male breed care referred to as "male person pregnancy".^[two] The family is highly diverse, containing around 300 unlike species of fish. Included in Syngnathidae are seahorses, the pipefish, and the weedy and leafy seadragons. The males of some of these species possess a brood pouch on the trunk or tail; in other species, the eggs are only attached to the male's body or tail when the female lays them. Although biologists' definitions of pregnancy differ somewhat, all members of the family are considered past ichthyologists to display male pregnancy, even those without an external brood pouch.

Fertilization may take identify in the pouch or in the water earlier implantation, but in either example, syngnathids' male person pregnancy ensures them complete conviction of paternity.^[3] Later on implantation in or on the brood pouch or brood patch, the male incubates the eggs. Many species osmoregulate the breed pouch fluid to maintain proper pH for the developing embryos. In at least some species, the male also provisions his offspring with nutrients such as glucose and amino acids through the highly vascularized attachment sites in or on his body.

This period of incubation can take much longer than the production of another clutch of eggs by the female person, specially in temperate regions where pregnancies final longer,^[iv] leading to a reproductive environment in which sexual selection can be stronger on females than on males due to increased male parental investment. This reversal of traditional sex roles has only been found in pipefishes, whereas seahorses have largely been accepted as monogamous.^[5] Some pipefish species brandish classical polyandry considering of this unique situation. Male syngnathids normally prefer females with big body size and prominent ornaments such as blue skin pigmentation or skin folds. Syngnathid males in some species are apparently capable of arresting eggs or embryos while in the brood pouch.^[6] In these cases, embryos with the highest survival rate are those whose mothers display the preferred phenotype.

Syngnathidae is the just family in the animate being kingdom to which the term "male person pregnancy" has been practical.^[1]

In 2021, Chinese researchers at the Naval Medical University in Shanghai published a preprint of a study that attempted to impregnate male rats past stitching them together with female rats. The study went viral on social media platform Weibo and attracted controversy over bioethics problems.^{[vii] [8] [9]}

Humans [edit]

Ectopic implantation [edit]

Human being males do not possess a uterus to gestate offspring.^[1] The theoretical event of male ectopic pregnancy (pregnancy outside the uterine cavity) by surgical implantation has been addressed by experts in the field of fertility medicine, who stress that the concept of ectopic implantation, while theoretically plausible, has never been attempted and would be difficult to justify – even for a woman lacking a uterus – attributable to the extreme health risks to both the parent and child.^{[x] [11]}

Robert Winston, a pioneer of in-vitro fertilization, told London's Sunday Times that "male pregnancy would certainly be possible" by having an embryo implanted in a man's abdomen – with the placenta attached to an internal organ such as the bowel – and afterward delivered surgically.^{[12] [13] [14]} Ectopic implantation of the embryo along the abdominal wall, and resulting placenta growth would, still, be very dangerous and potentially fatal for the host, and is therefore unlikely to exist studied in humans.^{[12] [15]} Gillian Lockwood, medical managing director of Midland Fertility Services, a British fertility dispensary, noted that the belly has not evolved to separate from the placenta during commitment, hence the danger of an ectopic pregnancy. Bioethicist Glenn McGee said "the question is not 'Tin can a human being exercise information technology?'. It's 'If a human does have a successful [ectopic] pregnancy, can he survive it?'"^[xiii]

Since 2000, several hoax web sites have appeared on the Internet^[15] purporting to describe the earth's first pregnant man. While some rely on legitimate scientific claims, no such experiment has always been reported. Fertility clinician Cecil Jacobson claimed to have transplanted a fertilized egg from a female baboon to the omentum in the intestinal crenel of a male baboon in the mid-1960s, which then carried the fetus for four months; notwithstanding, Jacobson did not publish his claims in a scientific periodical, and was subsequently convicted on several unrelated counts of fraud for upstanding misconduct.^[xi]

Uterus transplantation [edit]

Transplanting a uterus into a male torso poses a challenge due to the lack of natural ligaments, vasculature, and hormones required to support the uterus. The uterus would either have to be donated by a willing donor or be tissue-engineered using the male person's stem cells so implanted into his pelvic region.^[16] Afterward, an in vitro fertilisation (IVF) process would be followed to insert the embryo into the male's transplanted womb. Due to the risks posed by long term anti-rejection medication, the uterus would need to be removed post-obit the implied pregnancy. Given that males practise non require a uterus to survive, and knowing the predictable complications associated with uterus transplants in women, let alone men, many surgeons advise against the procedure birthday for healthy individuals. ^[17]

In popular culture [edit]

Some science fiction writers have picked up on these problems, in "cross-gender" themes—eastward.thousand., Octavia Eastward. Butler's Bloodchild and Other Stories.^{[ description needed ]} Ursula M. Le Guin's novel The Left Hand of Darkness contains the sentence "The king was pregnant", and explores a society in which pregnancy tin can be experienced by anyone, since individuals are not sexually differentiated during most of their life and tin go capable of inseminating or gestating at dissimilar times. Lois McMaster Bujold's Ethan of Athos features an all-male person society in which men utilise artificial wombs, but feel many of the psychological effects of pregnancy (anticipation, anxiety, etc.). In Marge Piercy's feminist utopian novel Woman on the Edge of Fourth dimension, neither men nor women get significant, leaving that to artificial wombs, only both sexes may lactate and nurse the infant; the specifically female experiences of pregnancy and nursing were opened to men in the cause of gender equality.^[18] Larry Niven's 1969 essay "Man of Steel, Woman of Kleenex" ends with considering Superman equally a carrier for his ain baby, due to the difficulties a human female might run across carrying a superpowered fetus.

The concept of male pregnancy has been the subject of pop films, generally as a comedic device. The 1978 comedy picture Rabbit Test stars Billy Crystal as a swain who inexplicably becomes meaning instead of his female sex partner. In Monty Python'south 1979 motion picture, Life of Brian, in that location is a political satire scene in which a character demands that whatsoever homo has a "right to have babies if he wants them," which is ridiculed as incommunicable. The 1990 BBC television comedy drama Frankenstein'southward Baby features a Dr. Eva Frankenstein helping a male patient to become the world's first pregnant homo.^[19] The 1994 scientific discipline fiction comedy/drama Junior stars Arnold Schwarzenegger as a fertility researcher who experiments on himself; the screenplay was inspired past a 1985 article in Omni magazine.^[11] The 2015 romantic comedy Paternity Get out explores the concept of a gay couple surprised with a miraculous pregnancy in feature length. In the 2017 moving picture Mamaboy stars Sean O'Donnell every bit Kelly Hankins as a teenager who decides to undergo an experimental process that enables him to carry his girlfriend's baby to term. In 2019, every bit a social commentary on the issue of ballgame, The Blacklist had an episode which had Pro-Life men being kidnapped and forced to be significant. One stayed consistent with their belief and gave nascency while the other became hypocritical and sought to get an abortion despite information technology being illegal in their state. In April 2020, an contained pic 3 Pregnant Men was released on Gumroad in the class of a mock documentary following three of the eponymous meaning men who have become part of an experimental project with a less than ethical corporation. When news of their pregnancy is leaked, each of them are put in jeopardy in dissimilar means, assuasive the film to explore gender norms, gay rights in Centre Eastern countries, racism/xenophobia, male person privilege, and the power of corporations vs actual autonomy.

The concept appears oftentimes as a comedic gag in numerous television programs also. In a 1981 episode of the Canadian sketch one-act series Bizarre, the testify's resident daredevil graphic symbol Super Dave Osborne (Bob Einstein) performs, every bit one of his many stunts, carrying and giving nativity to a babe. In the BBC science fiction comedy series Red Dwarf, the main character Dave Lister becomes pregnant after having sex with a female version of himself in an alternate universe. In an episode of Sliders, the quartet "slides" into an alternate world in which babies develop during their final months in the father because a worldwide disease has kept women from being able to carry children beyond their first trimester. In the popular fantasy series Charmed 'south fifth flavour, during a dream spell gone wrong, Leo ends up meaning with Piper's baby for a good deal of the episode, leading to her referring to him as an "incubator" and at times berating him for "upsetting the baby". In Doctor Who (series eleven), an episode features a man going into labor pain. In the Ozzy & Drix episode "Ozzy Jr.", Ozzy thinks he is having a baby simply is actually a parasite growing in his belly caused past an infection by Strepfinger. In the Ren & Stimpy "Adult Party Cartoon" episode "Stimpy'south Pregnant", Stimpy is thought to exist pregnant only Mr. Horse finds out that he is actually constipated.

The possibility of extraterrestrial life having unlike reproductive sexuality is the basis for many references. In the Star Expedition: Enterprise episode "Unexpected", Trip Tucker becomes significant with the offspring of a female of another species. In the video game The Sims 2 male characters can be impregnated via crook codes or alien abduction. In the American Dad! episode "Deacon Stan, Jesus Man", the boy Steve becomes impregnated after giving the oral cavity-to-mouth resuscitation to the extraterrestrial Roger, then unwittingly passes information technology on to his girlfriend via a buss. In the animated series Futurama, the extraterrestrial Kif can be impregnated by a touch. In the SciFi Channel miniseries, Farscape: The Peacekeeper Wars, the extraterrestrial Rygel becomes impregnated with human John and Aeryn'south babe. In the series Conflicting Nation, when Tectonese main character George Francisco and his wife Susan decide to have a third child, it is revealed that, in order to conceive, a Tectonese couple needs a third political party, called a binnaum, to complete impregnation, and that the male carries the baby—encased in a pod—during the concluding months of gestation. In the animated series The Fairly OddParents in the Boob tube film Fairly OddBaby, the fairy Cosmo was pregnant of Baby Poof. Additionally, Robert Sheckley's 1989 short story Honey Song From the Stars as well contains this element. My Friends from Distant, a science fiction Singaporean drama series, Xiang Lin becomes significant to his surprise past kissing Tianning and his pregnancy provides an ongoing plotline in the latter one-half of the series. However, later on he gives birth, information technology turns out that his species gives nascence to eggs, which hatch after some time a child that appears to be roughly four years old.^{[ citation needed ]}

Horror rarely dips into male pregnancy in depth. Minor appearances be in the well-known Alien serial, in which the first chestburster appears, equally a consequence of the host organism using human bodies to gestate its young. While this concept is repeated and parodied widely, the origin is as much sci-fi equally it is horror. In the 2019 anthology film The Mortuary Collection, a predatory fraternity brother named Jake has sexual practice with a woman, using stealthing to fob her into having sex with him without a condom. As a effect, her young grows in him rapidly over the course of a solar day, resulting in his bloody death when the child emerges. In 2020, the horror movie Amulet depicts a soldier returning from war to live in a claustrophobic business firm with a woman and her female parent, and a dark presence that may be lurking in that location likewise. Like the former motion picture, male person pregnancy serves every bit a sort of punishment for a human's sins.

In the Ben 10: Alien Force episode "Save the Last Trip the light fantastic", it is revealed that Necrofriggians take an power to asexually reproduce once every eighty years, edifice a large nest fabricated of digested metal where their eggs volition hatch and their offspring will feed on the metallic, outset eating from the nest before they instinctively feed on solar plasma until they mature and starts their own separate lives. Due to the Necrofriggian reproduction cycle, Large Arctic overtook Ben's personality to bear out the process, but Ben did non call back anything he did as Big Chill during this bicycle, like eating metal and having 14 babies, and he felt very embarrassed when Gwen, Kevin and Julie explained, and Kevin'southward teasing and calling him "mommy" did not assistance. In The Iii Stooges episode "Fifty-fifty as IOU" Curly accidentally swallows a Vitamin Z pill meant for a equus caballus. Even so, the fault allows Curly to give birth to an Equidae, which the Stooges crown as a winning race horse. The manga series Kentaro Hiyama's First Pregnancy takes place in the future where men are suddenly capable of condign pregnant, though information technology is only a x% chance of happening. The serial explores the workplace prejudice that men and women feel and the titular grapheme's efforts to modify public opinion once he himself becomes significant.

Virgil Wong, a performance artist, created a hoax site^{[xv] [20]} featuring a fictitious male pregnancy, challenge to item the pregnancy of his friend Lee Mingwei.^{[21] [22] [23]}

Male pregnancy is also ordinarily explored in slash (homosexual) fan fiction, usually based upon fantasy series such as Supernatural or Harry Potter.^{[24] [23]}

Meet too [edit]

• Allotransplantation, transplanting of non-native tissue
• Artificial uterus (extracorporeal gestation)
• Couvade, a ritual
• Couvade syndrome, a sympathetic status
• Female person sperm
• Male egg
• Male person lactation
• Male menstruum
• Simulated pregnancy
• Thomas Beatie
• Transgender pregnancy

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b c} Jones AG, Avise JC (2003-10-14). "Male person pregnancy". Curr. Biol. thirteen (20): R791. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2003.09.045. PMID 14561416.
2. ^ Wilson, A. B.; Orr, J.West. (2011). "The evolutionary origins of Syngnathidae: pipefishes and seahorses". Journal of Fish Biology. 78 (6): 1603–1623. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.02988.x. PMID 21651519.
3. ^ Mobley, Kenyon B.; Small, C. Thousand. & Adam 1000. Jones (June 2011). "The genetics and genomics of Syngnathidae: pipefishes, seahorses and seadragons". Journal of Fish Biology. 78 (6): 1624–1646. CiteSeerX10.one.1.717.9398. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.02967.ten. PMID 21651520.
4. ^ Wilson, A. B.; I. Ahnesjo; A. Vincent; A. Meyer (2003). "The dynamics of male heart-searching, mating patterns, and sex roles in pipefishes and seahorses (family syngnathidae)". Development. 57 (6): 1374–1386. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00345.ten. PMID 12894945.
5. ^ Berglund, A; G. Rosenqvist (2003). Sexual practice part reversal in pipefish. Advances in the Study of Behavior. Vol. 32. pp. 131–167. doi:10.1016/s0065-3454(03)01003-9. ISBN9780120045327.
6. ^ Sagebakken, Gry; Ingrid Ahnesjo; Kenyon B. Mobley; Ines Braga Goncalves; Charlotta Kvarnemo (2009-11-25). "Brooding fathers, not siblings, take up nutrients from embryos". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 277 (1683): 971–977. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.1767. PMC2842728. PMID 19939847.
7. ^ "Heated debate in China over 'meaning male rat' study". South China Forenoon Post. 19 June 2021. Retrieved ten July 2021.
8. ^ "Report that Impregnated Male Rats Stirs Controversy". The Scientist.
9. ^ Mallapaty, Smriti (ix July 2021). "'Pregnant' male rat study kindles bioethical fence in China". Nature. 595 (7868): 481. Bibcode:2021Natur.595..481M. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-01885-0. PMID 34244686. S2CID 235787261.
10. ^ William Leith (2008-04-10). "Pregnant men: hard to stomach?". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 2008-12-05.
11. ^ ^{a b c} Dick Teresi (1994-11-27). "How to Get a Man Meaning". The New York Times Magazine.
12. ^ ^{a b} "Babies borne by men 'possible'". The Independent. 1999-02-22.
13. ^ ^{a b} Meryl Rothstein (2005-07-31). "Male Pregnancy: A Dangerous Proposition". Popular Science. Archived from the original on 2007-10-xv.
14. ^ Men can accept babies; Study still in infancy though: Expert Archived 2009-03-09 at the Wayback Auto
15. ^ ^{a b c} "A Womb of His Own". Snopes.com. 2008-05-09.
16. ^ Rowe, Aaron (April 27, 2009). "The Future of Reproduction: Male Pregnancy". Upstart Business Journal. The Business Journals.
17. ^ Horsager-Boehrer, Robyn. "Uterine transplant: This prospect for pregnancy is non worth the risks". UT Southwestern Medical Centre. UT Southwestern Medical Center. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
18. ^ Piercy, Marge (1985-11-12). Woman on the Edge of Fourth dimension . Fawcett. ISBN978-0-449-21082-6.
19. ^ "Frankenstein's Infant". BFI. Archived from the original on 2009-01-29.
20. ^ "Virgil Wong website". Retrieved 2008-03-31 .
21. ^ Hoax website: "POP! The First Man Male Pregnancy". Retrieved 2008-03-27 .
22. ^ Lee Mingwei. Mingwei Archived 2008-06-xix at the Wayback Auto Refers to hoax every bit "Male Pregnancy Project, Centre d'Art Santa Monica, Barcelona, Spain"
23. ^ ^{a b} Ingram-Waters, Mary C. (2008). Unnatural Babies: Cultural Conceptions of Deviant Procreations. ISBN9780549700333.
24. ^ Astrom, Berit (2010). "Transformative Works and Cultures". Transformative Works and Cultures. 4 (4). doi:10.3983/twc.2010.0135.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male_pregnancy

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